Health

London study reveals complex social factors shape diet quality despite supermarket proximity

Friday, 7 November 2025 5:03AM UTC

A new analysis of supermarket transactions across London uncovers that socioeconomic and cultural factors influence diet quality more than physical access, challenging traditional views of food deserts and highlighting the need for tailored interventions.

Eating a nutritious diet rich in fruits and vegetables is crucial for maintaining good health and preventing diseases such as heart disease and stroke. However, achieving this is often more complicated than simply having access to supermarkets or grocery stores. Traditionally, the concept of "food deserts" has been used to describe areas where residents lack access to affordable, healthy food, usually due to a scarcity of nearby supermarkets or poor transport links. This definition, focused largely on physical proximity, originated in the late 1990s to address food access issues in underserved urban zones.

Recent research, however, challenges the simplicity of this view. A new study published in PLOS Complex Systems reveals that food deserts can exist even in affluent and cosmopolitan urban areas surrounded by local shopping options. The study analysed hundreds of millions of Tesco supermarket transactions in London and uncovered surprising dietary patterns that varied considerably across different parts of the city. Two distinct purchasing trends emerged: one marked by the purchase of sugary, highly processed foods and another characterised by higher intake of fresh fruits, vegetables, and meat.

Mapping these purchasing behaviours demonstrated a clear geographic divide in diet quality. Inner northwest London residents tended to buy healthier food with more fruit and fish, whereas east and outer west London areas showed preferences for sugary snacks and soft drinks, despite the availability of supermarkets. This illustrates that the lack of nutritious food in some neighbourhoods does not result solely from the absence of stores but also from complex social and economic factors influencing consumer behaviour.

Socioeconomic status, in particular income level and the proportion of Black, Asian, and minority ethnic populations, emerged as strong predictors of diet quality. Lower income was consistently linked to the purchase of less nutritious foods, especially in certain areas of east and west London. Strikingly, factors often expected to heavily influence healthy eating , such as car ownership and walk time to stores , showed minimal or inconsistent effect. This suggests that affordability, social disadvantage, and cultural factors shape dietary choices more profoundly than physical access alone.

These findings resonate with broader definitions of food deserts, which increasingly recognise that food access is not just about geography but also includes economic, cultural, and social dimensions. Encyclopaedia Britannica notes that the concept originated with a geographic and socioeconomic lens, linking poor access to nutritious foods with adverse health outcomes like obesity and cardiovascular diseases. Yet, it acknowledges the complexity in defining food deserts, which must consider food availability, affordability, cultural appropriateness, and other factors beyond mere distance.

Moreover, the problem of poor diet and limited healthy food access is not confined to the UK. Similar patterns exist in other highly urbanised nations, such as Australia, where poor diet is a leading cause of preventable disease, with rising obesity rates among adults and children and decreasing fruit and vegetable consumption. Applying data-driven methods , like analysing anonymised grocery transactions from supermarket loyalty programs , could prove valuable for exposing nutritional inequalities in Australian cities and beyond.

It is also important to differentiate food deserts from related phenomena such as food swamps, which describe areas with an overabundance of unhealthy food outlets like fast-food restaurants and convenience shops. Whereas food deserts denote a lack of healthy options, food swamps highlight the overwhelming presence of unhealthy choices, both contributing to poor nutrition and chronic health conditions. This distinction underscores that food environments are multifaceted, requiring tailored interventions.

Overall, this research emphasises that the solution to healthier diets and equitable food access is not one-size-fits-all. By focusing on actual purchasing behaviour rather than just store locations, policymakers can better understand specific community needs and design targeted, culturally appropriate interventions that improve diet quality in diverse urban settings. This nuanced approach is crucial to addressing nutrition-related health disparities in cities worldwide.

📌 Reference Map:

^[1] (The Conversation) - Paragraphs 1-6, 8-10
^[2] (Britannica) - Paragraph 7
^[3] (Healthline) - Paragraph 7
^[4] (Healthline) - Paragraph 8
^[5] (Wikipedia - Food Swamp) - Paragraph 8
^[6] (Wikipedia - Food Desert) - Paragraph 7

Source: Noah Wire Services

More on this

https://theconversation.com/food-deserts-found-even-in-areas-with-supermarkets-nearby-new-study-269083 - Please view link - unable to able to access data
https://www.britannica.com/topic/food-desert - An article from Britannica defines a food desert as an area where residents lack access to healthy foods, often due to geographic and socioeconomic factors. The term was introduced in the early 1990s in western Scotland to describe poor access to nutritious foods in public housing developments. Food deserts are associated with health issues like obesity and cardiovascular diseases. The article also discusses the complexity of defining food deserts, considering factors such as distance to food sources, availability of fresh produce, and socioeconomic conditions.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/food-deserts - Healthline provides an overview of food deserts, describing them as communities with limited access to healthy, affordable foods, particularly in low-income and historically marginalized areas. The article highlights that in these areas, healthy foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains are often expensive or unobtainable, leading to health disparities and high rates of chronic diseases. It also discusses the causes, locations, health effects, and potential solutions to food deserts.
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/food-swamps - Healthline explains the concept of food swamps, urban environments with an abundance of non-nutritious food options such as corner stores or fast-food restaurants. The term was coined in 2009 by Donald Rose and his colleagues at the University of Michigan in a report on food access in New Orleans. The article contrasts food swamps with food deserts, noting that while food deserts lack access to healthy food sources, food swamps have an overabundance of unhealthy food options, which can also negatively impact health.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_swamp - The Wikipedia page on food swamps defines them as urban environments with an abundance of non-nutritious food options, such as corner stores or fast-food restaurants. The term was coined in 2009 by Donald Rose and his colleagues at the University of Michigan in a report on food access in New Orleans. The article discusses the concept's comparison to food deserts, noting that while food deserts lack access to healthy food sources, food swamps have an overabundance of unhealthy food options, which can also negatively impact health.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_desert - The Wikipedia page on food deserts defines them as areas with limited access to fresh food, typically lacking grocers and instead having convenience stores or fast food outlets. The article discusses the association of food deserts with various health outcomes, including higher rates of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, particularly in areas with high poverty rates. It also covers the factors contributing to food deserts, such as transportation issues, economic barriers, and the types of food available in these areas.
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/food%20desert - Merriam-Webster defines a food desert as an area where little fresh produce is available for sale. The article provides examples of food deserts, noting that despite the common perception of food deserts as city neighborhoods dominated by fast food chains and convenience stores, many of Kansas' food deserts are in rural areas. In some of these areas, residents have to drive 20 miles or farther to find a source of healthful food.

Noah Fact Check Pro

The draft above was created using the information available at the time the story first emerged. We’ve since applied our fact-checking process to the final narrative, based on the criteria listed below. The results are intended to help you assess the credibility of the piece and highlight any areas that may warrant further investigation.

Freshness check

Score: 8

Notes: The narrative presents recent findings from a study published in PLOS Complex Systems, indicating a high freshness score. However, the exact publication date of the study is not specified in the provided information, which limits the ability to confirm its recency. The report appears to be original, with no evidence of recycled content or republishing across low-quality sites. The inclusion of updated data alongside older material suggests an effort to provide current insights, though the lack of a clear publication date warrants caution.

Quotes check

Score: 9

Notes: The report includes direct quotes from the study, but without access to the original study, it's challenging to verify their accuracy and originality. The absence of earlier appearances of these quotes online suggests they may be original or exclusive content. However, the inability to cross-reference with the original study raises concerns about potential misquotations or misinterpretations.

Source reliability

Score: 7

Notes: The narrative originates from The Conversation, a platform known for publishing articles by academics and researchers. While this lends a degree of credibility, the platform's editorial standards and fact-checking processes are not as stringent as those of traditional media outlets. The reliance on a single source without corroboration from other reputable outlets introduces some uncertainty regarding the reliability of the information presented.

Plausability check

Score: 8

Notes: The claims made in the report align with existing research on food deserts and dietary patterns in urban areas. The study's focus on socioeconomic factors influencing diet quality is consistent with current understanding in the field. However, the lack of access to the original study prevents a thorough evaluation of the methodology and data, which is crucial for assessing the validity of the findings.

Overall assessment

Verdict (FAIL, OPEN, PASS): OPEN

Confidence (LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH): MEDIUM

Summary: The narrative presents findings from a recent study on food deserts, suggesting a high freshness score. However, the inability to access the original study and verify direct quotes raises concerns about the accuracy and originality of the content. The reliance on a single source without corroboration from other reputable outlets introduces some uncertainty regarding the reliability of the information presented. Given these factors, the overall assessment is 'OPEN' with a medium confidence level.

Food access
Dietary behaviour
Urban health